In much of the earlier astronomical literature, Io was generally referred to by its Roman numeral designation (a system introduced by Galileo) as " Jupiter I", or as "the first satellite of Jupiter". Marius's names were not widely adopted until centuries later (mid-20th century). Io, Europa, the boy Ganymede, and Callisto greatly pleased lustful Jupiter.
First, three young women who were captured by Jupiter for secret love shall be honoured, namely, Io, the daughter of the river Inachus. Europa, Ganimedes puer, atque Calisto, lascivo nimium perplacuere Jovi. Inprimis autem celebrantur tres fœminæ Virgines, quarum furtivo amore Iupiter captus & positus est, videlicet Io Inachi Amnis filia. He named the innermost large moon of Jupiter after the Greek mythological figure Io: Based on a suggestion from Johannes Kepler in October 1613, he also devised a naming scheme whereby each moon was named for a lover of the Greek mythological Zeus or his Roman equivalent, Jupiter. In his 1614 publication Mundus Iovialis anno M.DC.IX Detectus Ope Perspicilli Belgici, he proposed several alternative names for the innermost of the large moons of Jupiter, including "The Mercury of Jupiter" and "The First of the Jovian Planets". Size comparison between Io (lower left), the Moon (upper left) and EarthĪlthough Simon Marius is not credited with the sole discovery of the Galilean satellites, his names for the moons were adopted. įurther observations have been made by Cassini–Huygens in 2000, New Horizons in 2007, and Juno since 2017, as well as from Earth-based telescopes and the Hubble Space Telescope. Io receives about 3,600 rem (36 Sv) of ionizing radiation per day. These spacecraft also revealed the relationship between Io and Jupiter's magnetosphere and the existence of a belt of high-energy radiation centered on Io's orbit. The Galileo spacecraft performed several close flybys in the 1990s and early 2000s, obtaining data about Io's interior structure and surface composition. In 1979, the two Voyager spacecraft revealed Io to be a geologically active world, with numerous volcanic features, large mountains, and a young surface with no obvious impact craters. Viewed from Earth, Io remained just a point of light until the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when it became possible to resolve its large-scale surface features, such as the dark red polar and bright equatorial regions. Io played a significant role in the development of astronomy in the 17th and 18th centuries discovered in January 1610 by Galileo Galilei, along with the other Galilean satellites, this discovery furthered the adoption of the Copernican model of the Solar System, the development of Kepler's laws of motion, and the first measurement of the speed of light. Io's volcanic ejecta also produce a large plasma torus around Jupiter. The materials produced by this volcanism make up Io's thin, patchy atmosphere and Jupiter's extensive magnetosphere.
Numerous extensive lava flows, several more than 500 km (300 mi) in length, also mark the surface. Its volcanic plumes and lava flows produce large surface changes and paint the surface in various subtle shades of yellow, red, white, black, and green, largely due to allotropes and compounds of sulfur. Io's volcanism is responsible for many of its unique features. Most of Io's surface is composed of extensive plains with a frosty coating of sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Unlike most moons in the outer Solar System, which are mostly composed of water ice, Io is primarily composed of silicate rock surrounding a molten iron or iron sulfide core. Some of these peaks are taller than Mount Everest, the highest point on Earth's surface. Io's surface is also dotted with more than 100 mountains that have been uplifted by extensive compression at the base of Io's silicate crust. Several volcanoes produce plumes of sulfur and sulfur dioxide that climb as high as 500 km (300 mi) above the surface. This extreme geologic activity is the result of tidal heating from friction generated within Io's interior as it is pulled between Jupiter and the other Galilean moons- Europa, Ganymede and Callisto. With over 400 active volcanoes, Io is the most geologically active object in the Solar System. It was discovered in 1610 by Galileo Galilei and was named after the mythological character Io, a priestess of Hera who became one of Zeus's lovers. Slightly larger than Earth’s moon, Io is the fourth-largest moon in the Solar System, has the highest density of any moon, the strongest surface gravity of any moon, and the lowest amount of water (by atomic ratio) of any known astronomical object in the Solar System. oʊ/), or Jupiter I, is the innermost and third-largest of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter.
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